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Test Prep MCAT Test

Medical College Admission Test: Verbal Reasoning, Biological Sciences, Physical Sciences, Writing Sample

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Question 1 of 811

Which of the following structures plays a role in both the male excretory and male reproductive systems, but in the female excretory system only?

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Correct answer: C

This question tests your knowledge of the male and female reproductive and excretory systems, which, as you should know, are NOT identical in structure. The epididymis, choice A, is a group of coiled tubes sitting on top of the seminiferous tubules in the male reproductive tract. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules and mature and acquire motility in the epididymis. Sperm are stored in the epididymis until ejaculation. Hence, the epididymis functions in the male reproductive system only; so choice A is wrong. Choice B, prostate, is one of the glands associated with the male reproductive tract; the prostate gland secretes and alkaline milky fluid that protects the sperm from the acidic conditions in the female reproductive tract. So, choice B also functions only in the male reproductive system, and is therefore incorrect. The urethra, choice C, is a structure found in both men and women. During ejaculation, sperm travels from the epididymis, through the vas deferens, and through the urethra, which opens to the outside from the tip of the penis. The urethra is also directly connected to the bladder.
Hence, in males, the urethra functions in both the reproductive and excretory systems. In females, however, the reproductive and excretory systems do NOT share a common pathway. Sperm enter the vagina and travel up through the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes, and urine leaves the body through the urethra; the vagina and the urethra never meet ג€" they are SEPARATE openings. So, choice C is the right answer. Choice D, ureter, is the duct connecting the kidney to the bladder. Urine is formed in the kidneys, it travels down to the bladder by way of the ureters, and is stored there until it is excreted through the urethra. This process is the same in both sexes.

Question 2 of 811

Which of the following cell types does NOT contain the diploid number of chromosomes?

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Correct answer: B

In males, diploid cells called spermatogonia undergo mitosis to produce diploid cells called primary spermatocytes. The primary spermatocytes undergo the first round of meiosis to yield secondary spermatocytes, which are haploid. The secondary spermatocytes undergo the second round of meiosis, resulting in four haploid cells called spermatids. The spermatids then mature into sperm ג€" the male gametes. So, choice A is incorrect because a spermatogonium is a diploid cell.
And we've already found the correct answer ג€" choice B, spermatid, is NOT a diploid cell, it's haploid. Let's look at what happens in females anyway. In females, a diploid cell called a primary oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division to yield two haploid cells ג€" a polar body and a secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte undergoes the second meiotic division to produce two more haploid cells ג€" a mature oocyte, or ovum, and another polar body. So, choice D, primary oocyte, is also incorrect because these are diploid cells. During fertilization, an ovum and a sperm fuse; two haploid cells fuse to form a single diploid cell called a zygote.
Thus, choice C is also incorrect.

Question 3 of 811

A certain chemical is found to inhibit the synthesis of all steroids. The synthesis of which of the following hormones would NOT be affected when a dose of this chemical is administered to a laboratory rat?

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Correct answer: C

We're told that a certain chemical inhibits the synthesis of steroids and we're asked to decide which one of the hormones listed in the answer choices would not be affected if a dose of this chemical was administered to a laboratory rat. In other words, we need to know which of these hormones is NOT a steroid hormone.
Steroids are a type of lipid with a carbon skeleton of four fused rings. Different types of steroids differ in the functional group that is attached to the carbon skeleton. Cholesterol is a very important steroid, and is in fact the precursor steroid molecule from which most other steroids, including steroid hormones, are synthesized. For example, the sex hormones ג€" testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone ג€" which are synthesized in the gonads, are steroid hormones modified from cholesterol. This means that we can rule out choice D. The adrenal cortex is another gland that secretes a family of steroid hormones called the corticosteroids. The two main types of corticosteroids are the mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, and the glucocorticoids, such as cortisol. This means that we can also rule out choices A and B, which leaves us with choice C, epinephrine. The adrenal medulla secretes the hormone epinephrine in response to any type of stress ג€" good or bad. Epinephrine, along with norepinephrine, are compounds called catecholamines, and are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine by chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Hence, epinephrine synthesis would NOT be affected by this chemical, which makes choice C the correct answer.

Question 4 of 811

Growth hormone decreases the sensitivity of cellular receptors to insulin. Therefore, a patient with acromegaly, which is caused by the oversecretion of growth hormone, would be expected to have:

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Correct answer: B

According to the question stem, acromegaly is a condition that results from an oversecretion of growth hormone. In addition, you're told that growth hormone decreases the sensitivity of insulin receptors. Therefore, to answer this question you've got to determine the physiological effects of an insensitivity to insulin. You should know that insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose concentration, and that it lowers blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of glucose into its storage form, glycogen. This means that the cell surface receptors of acromegaly patients do not bind insulin as much as normal cells. Therefore, the effects of insulin will be diminished in an acromegaly patient. What does this mean? If insulin cannot exert its effects on the cells, then excess glucose will not be converted into glycogen. Hence, the patient will have excess glucose ג€" in other words, a high blood glucose concentration. Therefore, choice B must be the correct answer and choice A must be the wrong answer. Choice C is wrong because a high blood glucose concentration leads to the excretion of glucose, along with the loss of water in the urine, meaning that patients with acromegaly will have an increased, NOT a decreased, urine volume. Choice D is wrong because cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time, which is not even directly related to the sensitivity of insulin receptors.

Question 5 of 811

Destroying the cerebellum of a cat would cause significant impairment of normal:

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Correct answer: C

To answer this question, you have to be familiar with the functions under the control of the cerebellum. The cerebellum is part of the hindbrain, which is the posterior part of the brain and consists of the pons and the medulla oblongata, in addition to the cerebellum. The cerebellum receives sensory information from the visual and auditory systems, as well as information about the orientation of joints and muscles. In fact, one of the cerebellum's main functions is hand-eye coordination. It also receives information about the motor signals being initiated by the cerebrum. The cerebellum takes all of this information and integrates it to produce balance and unconscious coordinated movement. Damage to the cerebellum could damage any one of these functions. Total destruction of the cerebellum would eliminate all of them. Therefore, choice C is correct because destruction of a cat's cerebellum would seriously impair coordinated movement in the cat. Let's take a look at the other choices. Urine formation, choice A, is the primary function of the kidneys, with a little bit of hormonal regulation to help things out. Choice B, sense of smell, or olfaction, is a function of the cerebrum not the cerebellum. Thermoregulation, choice D, is a function of the hypothalamus, which is a part of the cerebrum.

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