Test Prep EA

HOTSPOT -
Speaker: The coastal area of Melos, Greece, was a natural source for obsidian, which was highly sought after as material for making many stone implements during the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age. A study by archaeologists examining stone implements from Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in Greece shows that, of those implements, the percentage made of obsidian varies with those sites' distance from Melos. For sites within 150 kilometers (km), the percentage is 85-100 percent; for those between 150 and 200 km, the percentage is 40-70 percent; and for those greater than 200 km away, the percentage is less than 30 percent. This variation is due to differential access to water-borne transportation.
Select for Implies is true the statement that the speaker’s argument most clearly implies is true, and select for Implies is false the statement that the speaker's argument most dearly implies is false. Make only two selections, one in each column.

HOTSPOT -

At the annual holiday party of a particular company, each person is given a choice of 5 opportunities to win a prize. Specifically, each employee writes his/her name on a piece of paper and places it into one of 5 boxes, with each box representing a particular prize. One name is drawn from each box at random, and the 5 individuals thus named win the respective prizes.
Gertrude is the last person to arrive at the holiday party and to place her name in one of the boxes. She knows, for each of the boxes, the number of individuals who have already placed their names in the box. And she knows the cash value of each of the prizes, in US dollars. This information is reflected in the graph.
Select from the drop-down menus the options that create the most accurate statement about the expected outcomes (the cash value of the prize corresponding to the chosen box multiplied by the probability of winning) of Gertrude's possible choices.

HOTSPOT -

Welleby's Plan -
The water in the underground water table beneath the town of Welleby is moderately saline—20,000 milligrams of salt per liter of water (mg/L), or roughly half as saline as ocean water. To lower the level of the water table and thus prevent agricultural land from being inundated with salt water, the town plans to pump water from the table at a rate of 450 kiloliters per day (kL/day) into a large shallow pond, allowing much of the water to evaporate. The town plans to divert 10 percent of the water pumped from the water table to supplement its supply of drinking water, which is currently piped in from great distances. Due to the water's salinity, the town intends to construct a desalination plant to treat the diverted water for use as drinking water.

Desalination Types -
Welleby is deciding among the following three desalination methods.
Reverse Osmosis (RO): Water is pushed through a membrane, leaving salts behind. RO systems can handle a large range of water flow rates and use relatively little energy. However, RO membranes are expensive and must be replaced every 2 to 5 years. There is also a possibility that bacteria can grow on the membrane, introducing tastes and odors into the desalinated water.
Multi-Effect Distillation (MED): Saline water is heated to produce water vapor, from which is condensed potable fresh water. This process requires large amounts of energy, regardless of the salinity of the source water. It becomes more cost effective as water volumes increase.
Electrodialysis (ED): Electricity is used to selectively move salts through a membrane. Consumption of energy is directly proportional to the salinity of the water to be treated, so with higher salinities the process rapidly becomes more costly than other methods. ED membranes need to be replaced every 7 to 10 years.

Comparison -
The table presents the recommended parameters of use for Reverse Osmosis (RO), Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), and Electrodialysis (ED), as well as construction costs and operating costs. Costs presented in Australian dollars (A$) represent the cost per kiloliter of treated water per day.
Recovery refers to the percent of source water that is recovered as treated water—potable drinking water.

For each of the following statements about the three desalination methods, select Accurately reflects if it accurately reflects the information provided, and otherwise select Does not accurately reflect.

HOTSPOT -

Welleby's Plan -
The water in the underground water table beneath the town of Welleby is moderately saline—20,000 milligrams of salt per liter of water (mg/L), or roughly half as saline as ocean water. To lower the level of the water table and thus prevent agricultural land from being inundated with salt water, the town plans to pump water from the table at a rate of 450 kiloliters per day (kL/day) into a large shallow pond, allowing much of the water to evaporate. The town plans to divert 10 percent of the water pumped from the water table to supplement its supply of drinking water, which is currently piped in from great distances. Due to the water's salinity, the town intends to construct a desalination plant to treat the diverted water for use as drinking water.

Desalination Types -
Welleby is deciding among the following three desalination methods.
Reverse Osmosis (RO): Water is pushed through a membrane, leaving salts behind. RO systems can handle a large range of water flow rates and use relatively little energy. However, RO membranes are expensive and must be replaced every 2 to 5 years. There is also a possibility that bacteria can grow on the membrane, introducing tastes and odors into the desalinated water.
Multi-Effect Distillation (MED): Saline water is heated to produce water vapor, from which is condensed potable fresh water. This process requires large amounts of energy, regardless of the salinity of the source water. It becomes more cost effective as water volumes increase.
Electrodialysis (ED): Electricity is used to selectively move salts through a membrane. Consumption of energy is directly proportional to the salinity of the water to be treated, so with higher salinities the process rapidly becomes more costly than other methods. ED membranes need to be replaced every 7 to 10 years.

Comparison -
The table presents the recommended parameters of use for Reverse Osmosis (RO), Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), and Electrodialysis (ED), as well as construction costs and operating costs. Costs presented in Australian dollars (A$) represent the cost per kiloliter of treated water per day.
Recovery refers to the percent of source water that is recovered as treated water—potable drinking water.

For a town seeking to desalinate source water with a salinity of 12,000 mg/L, select Consistent for each of the following statements that is consistent with the information and recommendations provided, and otherwise select Not consistent.

Welleby's Plan -
The water in the underground water table beneath the town of Welleby is moderately saline—20,000 milligrams of salt per liter of water (mg/L), or roughly half as saline as ocean water. To lower the level of the water table and thus prevent agricultural land from being inundated with salt water, the town plans to pump water from the table at a rate of 450 kiloliters per day (kL/day) into a large shallow pond, allowing much of the water to evaporate. The town plans to divert 10 percent of the water pumped from the water table to supplement its supply of drinking water, which is currently piped in from great distances. Due to the water's salinity, the town intends to construct a desalination plant to treat the diverted water for use as drinking water.

Desalination Types -
Welleby is deciding among the following three desalination methods.
Reverse Osmosis (RO): Water is pushed through a membrane, leaving salts behind. RO systems can handle a large range of water flow rates and use relatively little energy. However, RO membranes are expensive and must be replaced every 2 to 5 years. There is also a possibility that bacteria can grow on the membrane, introducing tastes and odors into the desalinated water.
Multi-Effect Distillation (MED): Saline water is heated to produce water vapor, from which is condensed potable fresh water. This process requires large amounts of energy, regardless of the salinity of the source water. It becomes more cost effective as water volumes increase.
Electrodialysis (ED): Electricity is used to selectively move salts through a membrane. Consumption of energy is directly proportional to the salinity of the water to be treated, so with higher salinities the process rapidly becomes more costly than other methods. ED membranes need to be replaced every 7 to 10 years.

Comparison -
The table presents the recommended parameters of use for Reverse Osmosis (RO), Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), and Electrodialysis (ED), as well as construction costs and operating costs. Costs presented in Australian dollars (A$) represent the cost per kiloliter of treated water per day.
Recovery refers to the percent of source water that is recovered as treated water—potable drinking water.

Based on the information provided, which one of the following benefits to Welleby is most likely to result from its building a desalination plant?