No, the Azure Monitor Agent cannot be installed on a Windows 10 computer that isn't Azure AD joined. The Azure Monitor Agent uses Azure AD authentication to connect to the Log Analytics workspace, and Azure AD authentication requires the computer to be joined to Azure AD.
If you want to collect data from a Windows 10 computer that isn't Azure AD joined, you can use the Microsoft Monitoring Agent (MMA). The MMA is a legacy agent that does not require the computer to be joined to Azure AD. However, the MMA is not as feature-rich as the Azure Monitor Agent, and it is not supported as long.
In general, it is recommended to join all Windows 10 computers to Azure AD. This makes it easier to manage and secure the computers, and it enables you to use a variety of Azure services, such as Microsoft Intune and Azure Conditional Access.