Direct marketing under European data protection laws typically involves communication aimed at promoting products or services directly to individuals. An updated privacy notice or service outage notification is informational and not intended to promote a product or service. A charity fundraising event notice generally does not fall under direct marketing as it is not promoting commercial services. However, a revision of contract terms conveyed by SMS from a marketing organization directly uses personal data for marketing purposes and is intended to engage the individual with the organization's offerings, thus making it subject to European data protection laws.