The characteristic described as "a consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities such as server time and network storage as needed" is:
E. On-demand self-service
On-demand self-service is one of the essential characteristics of cloud services. It refers to the capability for consumers to independently and automatically provision computing resources without the need for human interaction with the cloud service provider. Users can access and allocate resources, such as server instances, storage, and network bandwidth, as per their requirements, typically through a self-service portal or API. This characteristic enables users to scale resources up or down on-demand, in a flexible and automated manner, based on their immediate needs, without relying on manual intervention from the cloud service provider.