The two BEST recommendations for mitigating SQL injection vulnerabilities are:
D. Users' input validation: This technique involves thoroughly sanitizing all user input before it's used in SQL queries. This can be achieved by:
Removing special characters that might be interpreted as SQL commands (e.g., apostrophes, semicolons, hyphens).
Escaping any remaining special characters that are necessary for the input but could be misinterpreted in SQL (e.g., backslashes before apostrophes).
Using whitelisting to restrict user input to a predefined set of allowed values.
E. Parameterized queries: This approach separates the SQL query structure from the user input. Placeholder values are used in the query, and the user input is bound to these placeholders separately. This prevents malicious code from being injected into the actual SQL statement.