Ethereum smart contracts can be written in multiple programming languages, specifically designed for or compatible with the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM). Solidity is the most popular language used for writing smart contracts on Ethereum. Vyper is another language developed with an emphasis on security and simplicity. LLL (Low-Level Lisp-like Language) is used for more low-level programming. Serpent was an early language similar to Python, but it is no longer maintained. Mutan was another early language similar to Go, but it was deprecated in 2015. These languages (Serpent, LLL, Vyper, Mutan, and Solidity) cover the range of languages historically and currently used for Ethereum smart contracts.