TCP and UDP are both transport layer protocols in computer networks, but they differ significantly in how they establish and maintain connections. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection, which involves SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK packets to synchronize and acknowledge receipt of connection requests. In contrast, UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee message delivery or establish connections through a handshake process. Thus, TCP is used when reliable communication is essential, while UDP is used for faster, simpler messaging where occasional loss is acceptable.

Association Response is a type of frame in the 802.11 wireless networking standard. This specific frame type falls under the category of management frames, which are used for managing the basic operations of the wireless network. Management frames facilitate tasks such as association, disassociation, authentication, and deauthentication. The Association Response frame is sent by an access point in response to an Association Request frame from a client device, indicating if the device is permitted to join the network and providing necessary connection parameters.

A spine-and-leaf architecture is designed to provide high scalability, optimized bandwidth, and low latency. In this architecture, leaf switches serve as the access layer and connect to every spine switch in a full-mesh topology. By adding a new leaf switch and connecting it to all existing spine switches, the network can easily expand its access port capacity without causing bottlenecks or disrupting existing connections. This ensures that the network remains scalable and maintains high performance as more devices are connected.

The hypervisor virtualizes physical components including CPU, memory, and storage. This functionality enables multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine, which improves scalability, flexibility, and resource utilization. A hypervisor acts as a mediator between the hardware and the virtual machines, providing the necessary virtualized resources.

The command that automatically generates an IPv6 address from a specified IPv6 prefix and the MAC address of an interface is "ipv6 address <prefix> eui-64". This command uses the Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) format to convert the 48-bit MAC address into a 64-bit interface identifier, which is then combined with the specified IPv6 prefix to create a 128-bit IPv6 address. This process ensures a unique and consistent addressing scheme based on the given prefix and the device's hardware address.